Source code for qutip.qip.circuit

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from collections.abc import Iterable
from itertools import product
import numbers

import warnings
import inspect

import numpy as np
from copy import deepcopy

from qutip.qip import circuit_latex as _latex
from qutip.qip.operations.gates import (rx, ry, rz, sqrtnot, snot, phasegate,
                                        x_gate, y_gate, z_gate, cy_gate,
                                        cz_gate, s_gate, t_gate, cs_gate,
                                        qasmu_gate, ct_gate, cphase, cnot,
                                        csign, berkeley, swapalpha, swap,
                                        iswap, sqrtswap, sqrtiswap, fredkin,
                                        toffoli, controlled_gate, globalphase,
                                        expand_operator, gate_sequence_product)
from qutip import tensor, basis, identity, ket2dm
from qutip.qobj import Qobj
from qutip.measurement import measurement_statistics


try:
    from IPython.display import Image as DisplayImage, SVG as DisplaySVG
except ImportError:
    # If IPython doesn't exist, then we set the nice display hooks to be simple
    # pass-throughs.
    def DisplayImage(data, *args, **kwargs):
        return data

    def DisplaySVG(data, *args, **kwargs):
        return data

__all__ = ['Gate', 'QubitCircuit', 'Measurement',
           'CircuitResult', 'CircuitSimulator']

_single_qubit_gates = ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "SNOT", "SQRTNOT", "PHASEGATE",
                       "X", "Y", "Z", "S", "T", "QASMU"]
_para_gates = ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "CPHASE", "SWAPalpha", "PHASEGATE",
               "GLOBALPHASE", "CRX", "CRY", "CRZ", "QASMU"]
_ctrl_gates = ["CNOT", "CSIGN", "CRX", "CRY", "CRZ", "CY", "CZ",
               "CS", "CT", "CPHASE"]
_swap_like = ["SWAP", "ISWAP", "SQRTISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "BERKELEY",
              "SWAPalpha"]
_toffoli_like = ["TOFFOLI"]
_fredkin_like = ["FREDKIN"]


[docs]class Gate: """ Representation of a quantum gate, with its required parametrs, and target and control qubits. Parameters ---------- name : string Gate name. targets : list or int Gate targets. controls : list or int Gate controls. arg_value : float Argument value(phi). arg_label : string Label for gate representation. classical_controls : int or list of int, optional indices of classical bits to control gate on. control_value : int, optional value of classical bits to control on, the classical controls are interpreted as an integer with lowest bit being the first one. If not specified, then the value is interpreted to be 2 ** len(classical_controls) - 1 (i.e. all classical controls are 1). """ def __init__(self, name, targets=None, controls=None, arg_value=None, arg_label=None, classical_controls=None, control_value=None): """ Create a gate with specified parameters. """ self.name = name self.targets = None self.controls = None self.classical_controls = None self.control_value = None if not isinstance(targets, Iterable) and targets is not None: self.targets = [targets] else: self.targets = targets if not isinstance(controls, Iterable) and controls is not None: self.controls = [controls] else: self.controls = controls if (not isinstance(classical_controls, Iterable) and classical_controls is not None): self.classical_controls = [classical_controls] else: self.classical_controls = classical_controls if (control_value is not None and control_value < 2 ** len(classical_controls)): self.control_value = control_value for ind_list in [self.targets, self.controls, self.classical_controls]: if isinstance(ind_list, Iterable): all_integer = all( [isinstance(ind, numbers.Integral) for ind in ind_list]) if not all_integer: raise ValueError("Index of a qubit must be an integer") if name in _single_qubit_gates: if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 1: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name) if self.controls: raise ValueError("Gate %s cannot have a control" % name) elif name in _swap_like: if (self.targets is None) or (len(self.targets) != 2): raise ValueError("Gate %s requires two targets" % name) if self.controls: raise ValueError("Gate %s cannot have a control" % name) elif name in _ctrl_gates: if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 1: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name) if self.controls is None or len(self.controls) != 1: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one control" % name) elif name in _fredkin_like: if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 2: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name) if self.controls is None or len(self.controls) != 1: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires two control" % name) elif name in _toffoli_like: if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 1: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name) if self.controls is None or len(self.controls) != 2: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires two control" % name) if name in _para_gates: if arg_value is None: raise ValueError("Gate %s requires an argument value" % name) else: if (name in _GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL) and (arg_value is not None): raise ValueError("Gate %s does not take argument value" % name) self.arg_value = arg_value self.arg_label = arg_label def get_inds(self, N=None): if self.controls: return self.controls + self.targets if self.targets: return self.targets else: return list(range(N)) def __str__(self): str_name = (("Gate(%s, targets=%s, controls=%s," " classical controls=%s, control_value=%s)") % (self.name, self.targets, self.controls, self.classical_controls, self.control_value)) return str_name def __repr__(self): return str(self) def _repr_latex_(self): return str(self) def _to_qasm(self, qasm_out): """ Pipe output of gate signature and application to QasmOutput object. Parameters ---------- qasm_out: QasmOutput object to store QASM output. """ qasm_gate = qasm_out.qasm_name(self.name) if not qasm_gate: error_str =\ "{} gate's qasm defn is not specified".format(self.name) raise NotImplementedError(error_str) if self.classical_controls: err_msg = "Exporting controlled gates is not implemented yet." raise NotImplementedError(err_msg) else: qasm_out.output(qasm_out._qasm_str(qasm_gate, self.controls, self.targets, self.arg_value))
_GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL = { 'X': r'X', 'Y': r'Y', 'CY': r'C_y', 'Z': r'Z', 'CZ': r'C_z', 'S': r'S', 'CS': r'C_s', 'T': r'T', 'CT': r'C_t', 'RX': r'R_x', 'RY': r'R_y', 'RZ': r'R_z', 'CRX': r'R_x', 'CRY': r'R_y', 'CRZ': r'R_z', 'SQRTNOT': r'\sqrt{\rm NOT}', 'SNOT': r'{\rm H}', 'PHASEGATE': r'{\rm PHASE}', 'QASMU': r'{\rm QASM-U}', 'CPHASE': r'{\rm R}', 'CNOT': r'{\rm CNOT}', 'CSIGN': r'{\rm Z}', 'BERKELEY': r'{\rm BERKELEY}', 'SWAPalpha': r'{\rm SWAPalpha}', 'SWAP': r'{\rm SWAP}', 'ISWAP': r'{i}{\rm SWAP}', 'SQRTSWAP': r'\sqrt{\rm SWAP}', 'SQRTISWAP': r'\sqrt{{i}\rm SWAP}', 'FREDKIN': r'{\rm FREDKIN}', 'TOFFOLI': r'{\rm TOFFOLI}', 'GLOBALPHASE': r'{\rm Ph}', } def _gate_label(name, arg_label): if name in _GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL: gate_label = _GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL[name] else: warnings.warn("Unknown gate %s" % name) gate_label = name if arg_label: return r'%s(%s)' % (gate_label, arg_label) return r'%s' % gate_label
[docs]class Measurement: """ Representation of a quantum measurement, with its required parameters, and target qubits. Parameters ---------- name : string Measurement name. targets : list or int Gate targets. classical_store : int Result of the measurment is stored in this classical register of the circuit. """ def __init__(self, name, targets=None, index=None, classical_store=None): """ Create a measurement with specified parameters. """ self.name = name self.targets = None self.classical_store = classical_store self.index = index if not isinstance(targets, Iterable) and targets is not None: self.targets = [targets] else: self.targets = targets for ind_list in [self.targets]: if isinstance(ind_list, Iterable): all_integer = all( [isinstance(ind, numbers.Integral) for ind in ind_list]) if not all_integer: raise ValueError("Index of a qubit must be an integer")
[docs] def measurement_comp_basis(self, state): ''' Measures a particular qubit (determined by the target) whose ket vector/ density matrix is specified in the computational basis and returns collapsed_states and probabilities (retains full dimension). Parameters ---------- state : ket or oper state to be measured on specified by ket vector or density matrix Returns ------- collapsed_states : List of Qobjs the collapsed state obtained after measuring the qubits and obtaining the qubit specified by the target in the state specified by the index. probabilities : List of floats the probability of measuring a state in a the state specified by the index. ''' n = int(np.log2(state.shape[0])) target = self.targets[0] if target < n: op0 = basis(2, 0) * basis(2, 0).dag() op1 = basis(2, 1) * basis(2, 1).dag() measurement_ops = [op0, op1] else: raise ValueError("target is not valid") return measurement_statistics(state, measurement_ops, targets=self.targets)
def __str__(self): str_name = (("Measurement(%s, target=%s, classical_store=%s)") % (self.name, self.targets, self.classical_store)) return str_name def __repr__(self): return str(self) def _repr_latex_(self): return str(self) def _to_qasm(self, qasm_out): """ Pipe output of measurement to QasmOutput object. Parameters ---------- qasm_out: QasmOutput object to store QASM output. """ qasm_out.output("measure q[{}] -> c[{}]".format(self.targets[0], self.classical_store))
[docs]class QubitCircuit: """ Representation of a quantum program/algorithm, maintaining a sequence of gates. Parameters ---------- N : int Number of qubits in the system. user_gates : dict Define a dictionary of the custom gates. See examples for detail. input_states : list A list of string such as `0`,'+', "A", "Y". Only used for latex. dims : list A list of integer for the dimension of each composite system. e.g [2,2,2,2,2] for 5 qubits system. If None, qubits system will be the default option. num_cbits : int Number of classical bits in the system. Examples -------- >>> def user_gate(): ... mat = np.array([[1., 0], ... [0., 1.j]]) ... return Qobj(mat, dims=[[2], [2]]) >>> qubit_circuit = QubitCircuit(2, user_gates={"T":user_gate}) >>> qubit_circuit.add_gate("T", targets=[0]) """ def __init__(self, N, input_states=None, output_states=None, reverse_states=True, user_gates=None, dims=None, num_cbits=0): # number of qubits in the register self.N = N self.reverse_states = reverse_states self.gates = [] self.U_list = [] self.dims = dims self.num_cbits = num_cbits if input_states: self.input_states = input_states else: self.input_states = [None for i in range(N+num_cbits)] if output_states: self.output_states = output_states else: self.output_states = [None for i in range(N+num_cbits)] if user_gates is None: self.user_gates = {} else: if isinstance(user_gates, dict): self.user_gates = user_gates else: raise ValueError( "`user_gate` takes a python dictionary of the form" "{{str: gate_function}}, not {}".format(user_gates))
[docs] def add_state(self, state, targets=None, state_type="input"): """ Add an input or ouput state to the circuit. By default all the input and output states will be initialized to `None`. A particular state can be added by specifying the state and the qubit where it has to be added along with the type as input or output. Parameters ---------- state: str The state that has to be added. It can be any string such as `0`, '+', "A", "Y" targets: list A list of qubit positions where the given state has to be added. state_type: str One of either "input" or "output". This specifies whether the state to be added is an input or output. default: "input" """ if state_type == "input": for i in targets: self.input_states[i] = state if state_type == "output": for i in targets: self.output_states[i] = state
[docs] def add_measurement(self, measurement, targets=None, index=None, classical_store=None): """ Adds a measurement with specified parameters to the circuit. Parameters ---------- name: string Measurement name. If name is an instance of `Measuremnent`, parameters are unpacked and added. targets: list Gate targets index : list Positions to add the gate. classical_store : int Classical register where result of measurement is stored. """ if isinstance(measurement, Measurement): name = measurement.name targets = measurement.targets classical_store = measurement.classical_store else: name = measurement if index is None: self.gates.append( Measurement(name, targets=targets, classical_store=classical_store)) else: for position in index: self.gates.insert( position, Measurement(name, targets=targets, classical_store=classical_store))
[docs] def add_gate(self, gate, targets=None, controls=None, arg_value=None, arg_label=None, index=None, classical_controls=None, control_value=None): """ Adds a gate with specified parameters to the circuit. Parameters ---------- gate: string or :class:`.Gate` Gate name. If gate is an instance of :class:`.Gate`, parameters are unpacked and added. targets: list Gate targets. controls: list Gate controls. arg_value: float Argument value(phi). arg_label: string Label for gate representation. index : list Positions to add the gate. classical_controls : int or list of int, optional indices of classical bits to control gate on. control_value : int, optional value of classical bits to control on, the classical controls are interpreted as an integer with lowest bit being the first one. If not specified, then the value is interpreted to be 2 ** len(classical_controls) - 1 (i.e. all classical controls are 1). """ if isinstance(gate, Gate): name = gate.name targets = gate.targets controls = gate.controls arg_value = gate.arg_value arg_label = gate.arg_label classical_controls = gate.classical_controls control_value = gate.control_value else: name = gate if index is None: gate = Gate(name, targets=targets, controls=controls, arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label, classical_controls=classical_controls, control_value=control_value) self.gates.append(gate) else: for position in index: num_mes = (sum(isinstance(op, Measurement) for op in self.gates[:position])) gate = Gate(name, targets=targets, controls=controls, arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label, classical_controls=classical_controls, control_value=control_value) self.gates.insert(position, gate)
[docs] def add_1q_gate(self, name, start=0, end=None, qubits=None, arg_value=None, arg_label=None, classical_controls=None, control_value=None): """ Adds a single qubit gate with specified parameters on a variable number of qubits in the circuit. By default, it applies the given gate to all the qubits in the register. Parameters ---------- name : string Gate name. start : int Starting location of qubits. end : int Last qubit for the gate. qubits : list Specific qubits for applying gates. arg_value : float Argument value(phi). arg_label : string Label for gate representation. """ if name not in ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "SNOT", "SQRTNOT", "PHASEGATE", "X", "Y", "Z", "S", "T", "QASMU"]: raise ValueError("%s is not a single qubit gate" % name) if qubits is not None: for _, i in enumerate(qubits): gate = Gate(name, targets=qubits[i], controls=None, arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label, classical_controls=classical_controls, control_value=control_value) self.gates.append(gate) else: if end is None: end = self.N - 1 for i in range(start, end+1): gate = Gate(name, targets=i, controls=None, arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label, classical_controls=classical_controls, control_value=control_value) self.gates.append(gate)
[docs] def add_circuit(self, qc, start=0): """ Adds a block of a qubit circuit to the main circuit. Globalphase gates are not added. Parameters ---------- qc : :class:`.QubitCircuit` The circuit block to be added to the main circuit. start : int The qubit on which the first gate is applied. """ if self.N - start < qc.N: raise NotImplementedError("Targets exceed number of qubits.") for circuit_op in qc.gates: if isinstance(circuit_op, Gate): gate = circuit_op if gate.name in ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "SNOT", "SQRTNOT", "PHASEGATE", "QASMU"]: self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start, None, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label) elif gate.name in ["X", "Y", "Z", "S", "T"]: self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start, None, None, gate.arg_label) elif gate.name in ["CPHASE", "CNOT", "CSIGN", "CRX", "CRY", "CRZ", "CY", "CZ", "CS", "CT"]: self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start, gate.controls[0] + start, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label) elif gate.name in ["BERKELEY", "SWAPalpha", "SWAP", "ISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "SQRTISWAP"]: self.add_gate(gate.name, [gate.targets[0] + start, gate.targets[1] + start]) elif gate.name in ["TOFFOLI"]: self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start, [gate.controls[0] + start, gate.controls[1] + start], None, None) elif gate.name in ["FREDKIN"]: self.add_gate(gate.name, [gate.targets[0] + start, gate.targets[1] + start], gate.controls + start, None, None) elif gate.name in self.user_gates: self.add_gate( gate.name, targets=gate.targets, arg_value=gate.arg_value) else: measurement = circuit_op self.add_measurement( measurement.name, targets=[measurement.targets[0] + start], classical_store=measurement.classical_store)
[docs] def remove_gate_or_measurement(self, index=None, end=None, name=None, remove="first"): """ Remove a gate from a specific index or between two indexes or the first, last or all instances of a particular gate. Parameters ---------- index : int Location of gate or measurement to be removed. name : string Gate or Measurement name to be removed. remove : string If first or all gates/measurements are to be removed. """ if index is not None: if index > len(self.gates): raise ValueError("Index exceeds number \ of gates + measurements.") if end is not None and end <= len(self.gates): for i in range(end - index): self.gates.pop(index + i) elif end is not None and end > self.N: raise ValueError("End target exceeds number \ of gates + measurements.") else: self.gates.pop(index) elif name is not None and remove == "first": for circuit_op in self.gates: if name == circuit_op.name: self.gates.remove(circuit_op) break elif name is not None and remove == "last": for i in reversed(range(len(self.gates))): if name == self.gates[i].name: self.gates.pop(i) break elif name is not None and remove == "all": for i in reversed(range(len(self.gates))): if name == self.gates[i].name: self.gates.pop(i) else: self.gates.pop()
[docs] def reverse_circuit(self): """ Reverse an entire circuit of unitary gates. Returns ------- qubit_circuit : :class:`.QubitCircuit` Return :class:`.QubitCircuit` of resolved gates for the qubit circuit in the reverse order. """ temp = QubitCircuit(self.N, reverse_states=self.reverse_states, num_cbits=self.num_cbits, input_states=self.input_states, output_states=self.output_states) for circuit_op in reversed(self.gates): if isinstance(circuit_op, Gate): temp.add_gate(circuit_op) else: temp.add_measurement(circuit_op) return temp
def _resolve_to_universal(self, gate, temp_resolved, basis_1q, basis_2q): """A dispatch method""" if gate.name in basis_2q: method = getattr(self, '_gate_basis_2q') else: if gate.name == "SWAP" and "ISWAP" in basis_2q: method = getattr(self, '_gate_IGNORED') else: method = getattr(self, '_gate_' + str(gate.name)) method(gate, temp_resolved) def _gate_IGNORED(self, gate, temp_resolved): temp_resolved.append(gate) _gate_RY = _gate_RZ = _gate_basis_2q = _gate_IGNORED _gate_CNOT = _gate_RX = _gate_IGNORED def _gate_SQRTNOT(self, gate, temp_resolved): temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=np.pi / 4, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=np.pi / 2, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) def _gate_SNOT(self, gate, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) def _gate_PHASEGATE(self, gate, temp_resolved): temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=gate.arg_value / 2, arg_label=gate.arg_label)) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label)) def _gate_NOTIMPLEMENTED(self, gate, temp_resolved): raise NotImplementedError("Cannot be resolved in this basis") _gate_PHASEGATE = _gate_BERKELEY = _gate_SWAPalpha = _gate_NOTIMPLEMENTED _gate_SQRTSWAP = _gate_SQRTISWAP = _gate_NOTIMPLEMENTED def _gate_CSIGN(self, gate, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets, gate.controls)) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) def _gate_SWAP(self, gate, temp_resolved): temp_resolved.append( Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1])) temp_resolved.append( Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[1], gate.targets[0])) temp_resolved.append( Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1])) def _gate_ISWAP(self, gate, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[1], gate.targets[0])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets[1], None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) def _gate_FREDKIN(self, gate, temp_resolved): pi = np.pi temp_resolved += [ Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.targets[1], targets=gate.targets[0]), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi, arg_label=r"\pi"), Gate("RX", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi / 2, arg_label=r"\pi/2"), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=- pi / 2, arg_label=r"-\pi/2"), Gate("RX", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi / 2, arg_label=r"\pi/2"), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi, arg_label=r"\pi"), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.targets[0], targets=gate.targets[1]), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=- pi / 4, arg_label=r"-\pi/4"), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.controls, targets=gate.targets[1]), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi / 4, arg_label=r"\pi/4"), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.targets[0], targets=gate.targets[1]), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[0], arg_value=pi / 4, arg_label=r"\pi/4"), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=- pi / 4, arg_label=r"-\pi/4"), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.controls, targets=gate.targets[1]), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.controls, targets=gate.targets[0]), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.controls, arg_value=pi / 4, arg_label=r"\pi/4"), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[0], arg_value=- pi / 4, arg_label=r"-\pi/4"), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.controls, targets=gate.targets[0]), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=- 3 * pi / 4, arg_label=r"-3\pi/4"), Gate("RX", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi / 2, arg_label=r"\pi/2"), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=- pi / 2, arg_label=r"-\pi/2"), Gate("RX", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi / 2, arg_label=r"\pi/2"), Gate("RZ", controls=None, targets=gate.targets[1], arg_value=pi, arg_label=r"\pi"), Gate("CNOT", controls=gate.targets[1], targets=gate.targets[0]), Gate("GLOBALPHASE", controls=None, targets=None, arg_value=pi / 8, arg_label=r"\pi/8") ] def _gate_TOFFOLI(self, gate, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 quarter_pi = np.pi / 4 temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=np.pi / 8, arg_label=r"\pi/8")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[1], None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[0], None, arg_value=quarter_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.controls[1], gate.controls[0])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[1], None, arg_value=-quarter_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.controls[1], gate.controls[0])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[1], None, arg_value=-quarter_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=quarter_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets, gate.controls[0])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-quarter_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets, gate.controls[1])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=quarter_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets, gate.controls[0])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-quarter_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/4")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets, gate.controls[1])) temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) def _gate_GLOBALPHASE(self, gate, temp_resolved): temp_resolved.append(Gate(gate.name, gate.targets, gate.controls, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label)) def _resolve_2q_basis(self, basis, qc_temp, temp_resolved): """Dispatch method""" method = getattr(self, '_basis_' + str(basis), temp_resolved) method(qc_temp, temp_resolved) def _basis_CSIGN(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 for gate in temp_resolved: if gate.name == "CNOT": qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("CSIGN", gate.targets, gate.controls)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) else: qc_temp.gates.append(gate) def _basis_ISWAP(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 quarter_pi = np.pi / 4 for gate in temp_resolved: if gate.name == "CNOT": qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=quarter_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", [gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.controls, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", [gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) elif gate.name == "SWAP": qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=quarter_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", gate.targets, None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", gate.targets, None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[1], None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", [gate.targets[1], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) else: qc_temp.gates.append(gate) def _basis_SQRTSWAP(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 for gate in temp_resolved: if gate.name == "CNOT": qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTSWAP", [gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTSWAP", [gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) else: qc_temp.gates.append(gate) def _basis_SQRTISWAP(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved): half_pi = np.pi / 2 quarter_pi = np.pi / 4 for gate in temp_resolved: if gate.name == "CNOT": qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.controls, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.controls, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTISWAP", [gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.controls, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTISWAP", [gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]], None)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.controls, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=quarter_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/4")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None, arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None, arg_value=3 * half_pi, arg_label=r"3\pi/2")) else: qc_temp.gates.append(gate)
[docs] def run(self, state, cbits=None, U_list=None, measure_results=None, precompute_unitary=False): ''' Calculate the result of one instance of circuit run. Parameters ---------- state : ket or oper state vector or density matrix input. cbits : List of ints, optional initialization of the classical bits. U_list: list of Qobj, optional list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit. measure_results : tuple of ints, optional optional specification of each measurement result to enable post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being chosen at random. precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of large number of repeat runs with different state inputs. Returns ------- final_state : Qobj output state of the circuit run. ''' if state.isket: sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list, measure_results, "state_vector_simulator", precompute_unitary) elif state.isoper: sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list, measure_results, "density_matrix_simulator", precompute_unitary) else: raise TypeError("State is not a ket or a density matrix.") return sim.run(state, cbits).get_final_states(0)
[docs] def run_statistics(self, state, U_list=None, cbits=None, precompute_unitary=False): ''' Calculate all the possible outputs of a circuit (varied by measurement gates). Parameters ---------- state : ket or oper state vector or density matrix input. cbits : List of ints, optional initialization of the classical bits. U_list: list of Qobj, optional list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit. measure_results : tuple of ints, optional optional specification of each measurement result to enable post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being chosen at random. precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of large number of repeat runs with different state inputs. Returns ------- result: CircuitResult Return a CircuitResult object containing output states and and their probabilities. ''' if state.isket: sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list, mode="state_vector_simulator", precompute_unitary=precompute_unitary) elif state.isoper: sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list, mode="density_matrix_simulator", precompute_unitary=precompute_unitary) else: raise TypeError("State is not a ket or a density matrix.") return sim.run_statistics(state, cbits)
[docs] def resolve_gates(self, basis=["CNOT", "RX", "RY", "RZ"]): """ Unitary matrix calculator for N qubits returning the individual steps as unitary matrices operating from left to right in the specified basis. Calls '_resolve_to_universal' for each gate, this function maps each 'GATENAME' with its corresponding '_gate_basis_2q' Subsequently calls _resolve_2q_basis for each basis, this function maps each '2QGATENAME' with its corresponding '_basis_' Parameters ---------- basis : list. Basis of the resolved circuit. Returns ------- qc : :class:`.QubitCircuit` Return :class:`.QubitCircuit` of resolved gates for the qubit circuit in the desired basis. """ qc_temp = QubitCircuit(self.N, reverse_states=self.reverse_states, num_cbits=self.num_cbits) temp_resolved = [] basis_1q_valid = ["RX", "RY", "RZ"] basis_2q_valid = ["CNOT", "CSIGN", "ISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "SQRTISWAP"] num_measurements = len(list(filter( lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement), self.gates))) if num_measurements > 0: raise NotImplementedError("adjacent_gates must be called before \ measurements are added to the circuit") if isinstance(basis, list): basis_1q = [] basis_2q = [] for gate in basis: if gate in basis_2q_valid: basis_2q.append(gate) elif gate in basis_1q_valid: basis_1q.append(gate) else: raise NotImplementedError( "%s is not a valid basis gate" % gate) if len(basis_1q) == 1: raise ValueError("Not sufficient single-qubit gates in basis") if len(basis_1q) == 0: basis_1q = ["RX", "RY", "RZ"] else: # only one 2q gate is given as basis basis_1q = ["RX", "RY", "RZ"] if basis in basis_2q_valid: basis_2q = [basis] else: raise ValueError("%s is not a valid two-qubit basis gate" % basis) for gate in self.gates: if gate.name in ("X", "Y", "Z"): qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", arg_value=np.pi/2)) gate = Gate( "R" + gate.name, targets=gate.targets, arg_value=np.pi) try: self._resolve_to_universal(gate, temp_resolved, basis_1q, basis_2q) except AttributeError: exception = f"Gate {gate.name} cannot be resolved." raise NotImplementedError(exception) match = False for basis_unit in ["CSIGN", "ISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "SQRTISWAP"]: if basis_unit in basis_2q: match = True self._resolve_2q_basis(basis_unit, qc_temp, temp_resolved) break if not match: qc_temp.gates = temp_resolved if len(basis_1q) == 2: temp_resolved = qc_temp.gates qc_temp.gates = [] half_pi = np.pi / 2 for gate in temp_resolved: if gate.name == "RX" and "RX" not in basis_1q: qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) elif gate.name == "RY" and "RY" not in basis_1q: qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) elif gate.name == "RZ" and "RZ" not in basis_1q: qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=-half_pi, arg_label=r"-\pi/2")) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None, gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label)) qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None, arg_value=half_pi, arg_label=r"\pi/2")) else: qc_temp.gates.append(gate) qc_temp.gates = deepcopy(qc_temp.gates) return qc_temp
[docs] def adjacent_gates(self): """ Method to resolve two qubit gates with non-adjacent control/s or target/s in terms of gates with adjacent interactions. Returns ------- qubit_circuit: :class:`.QubitCircuit` Return :class:`.QubitCircuit` of the gates for the qubit circuit with the resolved non-adjacent gates. """ temp = QubitCircuit(self.N, reverse_states=self.reverse_states, num_cbits=self.num_cbits) swap_gates = ["SWAP", "ISWAP", "SQRTISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "BERKELEY", "SWAPalpha"] num_measurements = len(list(filter( lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement), self.gates))) if num_measurements > 0: raise NotImplementedError("adjacent_gates must be called before \ measurements are added to the circuit") for gate in self.gates: if gate.name == "CNOT" or gate.name == "CSIGN": start = min([gate.targets[0], gate.controls[0]]) end = max([gate.targets[0], gate.controls[0]]) i = start while i < end: if start + end - i - i == 1 and (end - start + 1) % 2 == 0: # Apply required gate if control, target are adjacent # to each other, provided |control-target| is even. if end == gate.controls[0]: temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i], controls=[i + 1])) else: temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i + 1], controls=[i])) elif (start + end - i - i == 2 and (end - start + 1) % 2 == 1): # Apply a swap between i and its adjacent gate, then # the required gate if and then another swap if control # and target have one qubit between them, provided # |control-target| is odd. temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1])) if end == gate.controls[0]: temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i + 1], controls=[i + 2])) else: temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i + 2], controls=[i + 1])) temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1])) i += 1 else: # Swap the target/s and/or control with their adjacent # qubit to bring them closer. temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1])) temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[start + end - i - 1, start + end - i])) i += 1 elif gate.name in swap_gates: start = min([gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1]]) end = max([gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1]]) i = start while i < end: if start + end - i - i == 1 and (end - start + 1) % 2 == 0: temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i, i + 1])) elif ((start + end - i - i) == 2 and (end - start + 1) % 2 == 1): temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1])) temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i + 1, i + 2])) temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1])) i += 1 else: temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1])) temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[start + end - i - 1, start + end - i])) i += 1 else: raise NotImplementedError( "`adjacent_gates` is not defined for " "gate {}.".format(gate.name)) temp.gates = deepcopy(temp.gates) return temp
[docs] def propagators(self, expand=True): """ Propagator matrix calculator for N qubits returning the individual steps as unitary matrices operating from left to right. Returns ------- U_list : list Return list of unitary matrices for the qubit circuit. """ if not expand: return self.propagators_no_expand() self.U_list = [] gates = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, Gate), self.gates) for gate in gates: if gate.name == "RX": self.U_list.append(rx( gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "RY": self.U_list.append(ry( gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "RZ": self.U_list.append(rz( gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "X": self.U_list.append(x_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "Y": self.U_list.append(y_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CY": self.U_list.append(cy_gate( self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "Z": self.U_list.append(z_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CZ": self.U_list.append(cz_gate( self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "T": self.U_list.append(t_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CT": self.U_list.append(ct_gate( self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "S": self.U_list.append(s_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CS": self.U_list.append(cs_gate( self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "SQRTNOT": self.U_list.append(sqrtnot(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "SNOT": self.U_list.append(snot(self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "PHASEGATE": self.U_list.append(phasegate(gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "QASMU": self.U_list.append(qasmu_gate(gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CRX": self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rx(gate.arg_value), N=self.N, control=gate.controls[0], target=gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CRY": self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(ry(gate.arg_value), N=self.N, control=gate.controls[0], target=gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CRZ": self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rz(gate.arg_value), N=self.N, control=gate.controls[0], target=gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CPHASE": self.U_list.append(cphase(gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CNOT": self.U_list.append(cnot(self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "CSIGN": self.U_list.append(csign(self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "BERKELEY": self.U_list.append(berkeley(self.N, gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "SWAPalpha": self.U_list.append(swapalpha(gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "SWAP": self.U_list.append(swap(self.N, gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "ISWAP": self.U_list.append(iswap(self.N, gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "SQRTSWAP": self.U_list.append(sqrtswap(self.N, gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "SQRTISWAP": self.U_list.append(sqrtiswap(self.N, gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "FREDKIN": self.U_list.append(fredkin(self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets)) elif gate.name == "TOFFOLI": self.U_list.append(toffoli(self.N, gate.controls, gate.targets[0])) elif gate.name == "GLOBALPHASE": self.U_list.append(globalphase(gate.arg_value, self.N)) elif gate.name in self.user_gates: if gate.controls is not None: raise ValueError("A user defined gate {} takes only " "`targets` variable.".format(gate.name)) func_or_oper = self.user_gates[gate.name] if inspect.isfunction(func_or_oper): func = func_or_oper para_num = len(inspect.getfullargspec(func)[0]) if para_num == 0: oper = func() elif para_num == 1: oper = func(gate.arg_value) else: raise ValueError( "gate function takes at most one parameters.") elif isinstance(func_or_oper, Qobj): oper = func_or_oper else: raise ValueError("gate is neither function nor operator") self.U_list.append(expand_operator( oper, N=self.N, targets=gate.targets, dims=self.dims)) else: raise NotImplementedError( "{} gate is an unknown gate.".format(gate.name)) return self.U_list
[docs] def propagators_no_expand(self): """ Propagator matrix calculator for N qubits returning the individual steps as unitary matrices operating from left to right. Returns ------- U_list : list Return list of unitary matrices for the qubit circuit. """ self.U_list = [] gates = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, Gate), self.gates) for gate in gates: if gate.name == "RX": self.U_list.append(rx(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "RY": self.U_list.append(ry(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "RZ": self.U_list.append(rz(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "X": self.U_list.append(x_gate()) elif gate.name == "Y": self.U_list.append(y_gate()) elif gate.name == "CY": self.U_list.append(cy_gate()) elif gate.name == "Z": self.U_list.append(z_gate()) elif gate.name == "CZ": self.U_list.append(cz_gate()) elif gate.name == "T": self.U_list.append(t_gate()) elif gate.name == "CT": self.U_list.append(ct_gate()) elif gate.name == "S": self.U_list.append(s_gate()) elif gate.name == "CS": self.U_list.append(cs_gate()) elif gate.name == "SQRTNOT": self.U_list.append(sqrtnot()) elif gate.name == "SNOT": self.U_list.append(snot()) elif gate.name == "PHASEGATE": self.U_list.append(phasegate(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "QASMU": self.U_list.append(qasmu_gate(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "CRX": self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rx(gate.arg_value))) elif gate.name == "CRY": self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(ry(gate.arg_value))) elif gate.name == "CRZ": self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rz(gate.arg_value))) elif gate.name == "CPHASE": self.U_list.append(cphase(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "CNOT": self.U_list.append(cnot()) elif gate.name == "CSIGN": self.U_list.append(csign()) elif gate.name == "BERKELEY": self.U_list.append(berkeley()) elif gate.name == "SWAPalpha": self.U_list.append(swapalpha(gate.arg_value)) elif gate.name == "SWAP": self.U_list.append(swap()) elif gate.name == "ISWAP": self.U_list.append(iswap()) elif gate.name == "SQRTSWAP": self.U_list.append(sqrtswap()) elif gate.name == "SQRTISWAP": self.U_list.append(sqrtiswap()) elif gate.name == "FREDKIN": self.U_list.append(fredkin()) elif gate.name == "TOFFOLI": self.U_list.append(toffoli()) elif gate.name == "GLOBALPHASE": self.U_list.append(globalphase(gate.arg_value, n)) elif gate.name in self.user_gates: if gate.controls is not None: raise ValueError("A user defined gate {} takes only " "`targets` variable.".format(gate.name)) func_or_oper = self.user_gates[gate.name] if inspect.isfunction(func_or_oper): func = func_or_oper para_num = len(inspect.getfullargspec(func)[0]) if para_num == 0: oper = func() elif para_num == 1: oper = func(gate.arg_value) else: raise ValueError( "gate function takes at most one parameters.") elif isinstance(func_or_oper, Qobj): oper = func_or_oper else: raise ValueError("gate is neither function nor operator") self.U_list.append(oper) else: raise NotImplementedError( "{} gate is an unknown gate.".format(gate.name)) return self.U_list
def latex_code(self): rows = [] ops = self.gates col = [] for op in ops: if isinstance(op, Gate): gate = op col = [] _swap_processing = False for n in range(self.N+self.num_cbits): if gate.targets and n in gate.targets: if len(gate.targets) > 1: if gate.name == "SWAP": if _swap_processing: col.append(r" \qswap \qw") continue distance = abs( gate.targets[1] - gate.targets[0]) col.append(r" \qswap \qwx[%d] \qw" % distance) _swap_processing = True elif ((self.reverse_states and n == max(gate.targets)) or (not self.reverse_states and n == min(gate.targets))): col.append(r" \multigate{%d}{%s} " % (len(gate.targets) - 1, _gate_label(gate.name, gate.arg_label))) else: col.append(r" \ghost{%s} " % (_gate_label(gate.name, gate.arg_label))) elif gate.name == "CNOT": col.append(r" \targ ") elif gate.name == "CY": col.append(r" \targ ") elif gate.name == "CZ": col.append(r" \targ ") elif gate.name == "CS": col.append(r" \targ ") elif gate.name == "CT": col.append(r" \targ ") elif gate.name == "TOFFOLI": col.append(r" \targ ") else: col.append(r" \gate{%s} " % _gate_label(gate.name, gate.arg_label)) elif gate.controls and n in gate.controls: control_tag = (-1 if self.reverse_states else 1) * (gate.targets[0] - n) col.append(r" \ctrl{%d} " % control_tag) elif (gate.classical_controls and (n - self.N) in gate.classical_controls): control_tag = n - gate.targets[0] col.append(r" \ctrl{%d} " % control_tag) elif (not gate.controls and not gate.targets): # global gate if ((self.reverse_states and n == self.N - 1) or (not self.reverse_states and n == 0)): col.append(r" \multigate{%d}{%s} " % (self.N - 1, _gate_label(gate.name, gate.arg_label))) else: col.append(r" \ghost{%s} " % (_gate_label(gate.name, gate.arg_label))) else: col.append(r" \qw ") else: measurement = op col = [] for n in range(self.N+self.num_cbits): if n in measurement.targets: col.append(r" \meter") elif (n-self.N) == measurement.classical_store: store_tag = n - measurement.targets[0] col.append(r" \qw \cwx[%d] " % store_tag) else: col.append(r" \qw ") col.append(r" \qw ") rows.append(col) input_states_quantum = [r"\lstick{\ket{" + x + "}}" if x is not None else "" for x in self.input_states[:self.N]] input_states_classical = [r"\lstick{" + x + "}" if x is not None else "" for x in self.input_states[self.N:]] input_states = input_states_quantum + input_states_classical code = "" n_iter = (reversed(range(self.N+self.num_cbits)) if self.reverse_states else range(self.N+self.num_cbits)) for n in n_iter: code += r" & %s" % input_states[n] for m in range(len(ops)): code += r" & %s" % rows[m][n] code += r" & \qw \\ " + "\n" return code # This slightly convoluted dance with the conversion formats is because # image conversion has optional dependencies. We always want the `png` and # `svg` methods to be available so that they are discoverable by the user, # however if one is called without the required dependency, then they'll # get a `RuntimeError` explaining the problem. We only want the IPython # magic methods `_repr_xxx_` to be defined if we know that the image # conversion is available, so the user doesn't get exceptions on display # because IPython tried to do something behind their back. def _raw_png(self): return _latex.image_from_latex(self.latex_code(), "png") if 'png' in _latex.CONVERTERS: _repr_png_ = _raw_png @property def png(self): return DisplayImage(self._raw_png(), embed=True) def _raw_svg(self): return _latex.image_from_latex(self.latex_code(), "svg") if 'svg' in _latex.CONVERTERS: _repr_svg_ = _raw_svg @property def svg(self): return DisplaySVG(self._raw_svg()) def _to_qasm(self, qasm_out): """ Pipe output of circuit object to QasmOutput object. Parameters ---------- qasm_out: QasmOutput object to store QASM output. """ qasm_out.output("qreg q[{}];".format(self.N)) if self.num_cbits: qasm_out.output("creg c[{}];".format(self.num_cbits)) qasm_out.output(n=1) for op in self.gates: if ((not isinstance(op, Measurement)) and not qasm_out.is_defined(op.name)): qasm_out._qasm_defns(op) for op in self.gates: op._to_qasm(qasm_out)
[docs]class CircuitResult: def __init__(self, final_states, probabilities, cbits=None): """ Store result of CircuitSimulator. Parameters ---------- final_states: list of Qobj. List of output kets or density matrices. probabilities: list of float. List of probabilities of obtaining each output state. cbits: list of list of int, optional List of cbits for each output. """ if isinstance(final_states, Qobj) or final_states is None: self.final_states = [final_states] self.probabilities = [probabilities] if cbits: self.cbits = [cbits] else: inds = list(filter(lambda x: final_states[x] is not None, range(len(final_states)))) self.final_states = [final_states[i] for i in inds] self.probabilities = [probabilities[i] for i in inds] if cbits: self.cbits = [cbits[i] for i in inds]
[docs] def get_final_states(self, index=None): """ Return list of output states. Parameters ---------- index: int Indicates i-th state to be returned. Returns ---------- final_states: Qobj or list of Qobj. List of output kets or density matrices. """ if index is not None: return self.final_states[index] return self.final_states
[docs] def get_probabilities(self, index=None): """ Return list of probabilities corresponding to the output states. Parameters ---------- index: int Indicates i-th probability to be returned. Returns ------- probabilities: float or list of float Probabilities associated with each output state. """ if index is not None: return self.probabilities[index] return self.probabilities
[docs] def get_cbits(self, index=None): """ Return list of classical bit outputs corresponding to the results. Parameters ---------- index: int Indicates i-th output, probability pair to be returned. Returns ------- cbits: list of int or list of list of int list of classical bit outputs """ if index is not None: return self.cbits[index] return self.cbits
[docs]class CircuitSimulator: def __init__(self, qc, state=None, cbits=None, U_list=None, measure_results=None, mode="state_vector_simulator", precompute_unitary=False): """ Simulate state evolution for Quantum Circuits. Parameters ---------- qc: :class:`.QubitCircuit` Quantum Circuit to be simulated. state: ket or oper ket or density matrix cbits: list of int, optional initial value of classical bits U_list: list of Qobj, optional list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit. measure_results : tuple of ints, optional optional specification of each measurement result to enable post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being chosen at random. mode: string, optional Specify if input state (and therefore computation) is in state-vector mode or in density matrix mode. In state_vector_simulator mode, the input must be a ket and with each measurement, one of the collapsed states is the new state (when using run()). In density_matrix_simulator mode, the input can be a ket or a density matrix and after measurement, the new state is the mixed ensemble state obtained after the measurement. If in density_matrix_simulator mode and given a state vector input, the output must be assumed to be a density matrix. precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of large number of repeat runs with different state inputs. """ self.qc = qc self.mode = mode self.precompute_unitary = precompute_unitary if U_list: self.U_list = U_list elif precompute_unitary: self.U_list = qc.propagators(expand=False) else: self.U_list = qc.propagators() self.ops = [] self.inds_list = [] if precompute_unitary: self._process_ops_precompute() else: self._process_ops() self.initialize(state, cbits, measure_results) def _process_ops(self): ''' Process list of gates (including measurements), and stores them in self.ops (as unitaries) for further computation. ''' U_list_index = 0 for operation in self.qc.gates: if isinstance(operation, Measurement): self.ops.append(operation) elif isinstance(operation, Gate): if operation.classical_controls: self.ops.append((operation, self.U_list[U_list_index])) else: self.ops.append(self.U_list[U_list_index]) U_list_index += 1 def _process_ops_precompute(self): ''' Process list of gates (including measurements), aggregate gate unitaries (by multiplying) and store them in self.ops for further computation. The gate multiplication is carried out only for groups of matrices in between classically controlled gates and measurement gates. Examples -------- If we have a circuit that looks like: ----|X|-----|Y|----|M0|-----|X|---- then self.ops = [YX, M0, X] ''' prev_index = 0 U_list_index = 0 for gate in self.qc.gates: if isinstance(gate, Measurement): continue else: self.inds_list.append(gate.get_inds(self.qc.N)) for operation in self.qc.gates: if isinstance(operation, Measurement): if U_list_index > prev_index: self.ops.append(self._compute_unitary( self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index], self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index])) prev_index = U_list_index self.ops.append(operation) elif isinstance(operation, Gate): if operation.classical_controls: if U_list_index > prev_index: self.ops.append( self._compute_unitary( self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index], self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index])) prev_index = U_list_index self.ops.append((operation, self.U_list[prev_index])) prev_index += 1 U_list_index += 1 else: U_list_index += 1 if U_list_index > prev_index: self.ops.append(self._compute_unitary( self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index], self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index])) prev_index = U_list_index + 1 U_list_index = prev_index
[docs] def initialize(self, state=None, cbits=None, measure_results=None): ''' Reset Simulator state variables to start a new run. Parameters ---------- state: ket or oper ket or density matrix cbits: list of int, optional initial value of classical bits U_list: list of Qobj, optional list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit. measure_results : tuple of ints, optional optional specification of each measurement result to enable post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being chosen at random. ''' if cbits and len(cbits) == self.qc.num_cbits: self.cbits = cbits elif self.qc.num_cbits > 0: self.cbits = [0] * self.qc.num_cbits else: self.cbits = None self.state = None if state is not None: if state.shape[0] != 2 ** self.qc.N: raise ValueError("dimension of state is incorrect") if self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator" and state.isket: self.state = ket2dm(state) else: self.state = state self.probability = 1 self.op_index = 0 self.measure_results = measure_results self.measure_ind = 0
def _compute_unitary(self, U_list, inds_list): ''' Compute unitary corresponding to a product of unitaries in U_list and expand it to size of circuit. Parameters ---------- U_list: list of Qobj list of predefined unitaries. inds_list: list of list of int list of qubit indices corresponding to each unitary in U_list Returns ------- U: Qobj resultant unitary ''' U_overall, overall_inds = gate_sequence_product(U_list, inds_list=inds_list, expand=True) if len(overall_inds) != self.qc.N: U_overall = expand_operator(U_overall, N=self.qc.N, targets=overall_inds) return U_overall
[docs] def run(self, state, cbits=None, measure_results=None): ''' Calculate the result of one instance of circuit run. Parameters ---------- state : ket or oper state vector or density matrix input. cbits : List of ints, optional initialization of the classical bits. measure_results : tuple of ints, optional optional specification of each measurement result to enable post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being chosen at random. Returns ------- result: CircuitResult Return a CircuitResult object containing output state and probability. ''' self.initialize(state, cbits, measure_results) for _ in range(len(self.ops)): if self.step() is None: break return CircuitResult(self.state, self.probability, self.cbits)
[docs] def run_statistics(self, state, cbits=None): ''' Calculate all the possible outputs of a circuit (varied by measurement gates). Parameters ---------- state : ket state to be observed on specified by density matrix. cbits : List of ints, optional initialization of the classical bits. Returns ------- result: CircuitResult Return a CircuitResult object containing output states and and their probabilities. ''' probabilities = [] states = [] cbits_results = [] num_measurements = len(list(filter( lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement), self.qc.gates))) for results in product("01", repeat=num_measurements): run_result = self.run(state, cbits=cbits, measure_results=results) final_state = run_result.get_final_states(0) probability = run_result.get_probabilities(0) states.append(final_state) probabilities.append(probability) cbits_results.append(self.cbits) return CircuitResult(states, probabilities, cbits_results)
[docs] def step(self): ''' Return state after one step of circuit evolution (gate or measurement). Returns ------- state : ket or oper state after one evolution step. ''' op = self.ops[self.op_index] if isinstance(op, Measurement): self._apply_measurement(op) elif isinstance(op, tuple): operation, U = op apply_gate = all([self.cbits[i] for i in operation.classical_controls]) if apply_gate: if self.precompute_unitary: U = expand_operator(U, self.qc.N, operation.get_inds(self.qc.N)) self._evolve_state(U) else: self._evolve_state(op) self.op_index += 1 return self.state
def _evolve_state(self, U): ''' Applies unitary to state. Parameters ---------- U: Qobj unitary to be applied. ''' if self.mode == "state_vector_simulator": self._evolve_ket(U) elif self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator": self._evolve_dm(U) else: raise NotImplementedError( "mode {} is not available.".format(self.mode)) def _evolve_ket(self, U): ''' Applies unitary to ket state. Parameters ---------- U: Qobj unitary to be applied. ''' self.state = U * self.state def _evolve_dm(self, U): ''' Applies unitary to density matrix state. Parameters ---------- U: Qobj unitary to be applied. ''' self.state = U * self.state * U.dag() def _apply_measurement(self, operation): ''' Applies measurement gate specified by operation to current state. Parameters ---------- operation: :class:`.Measurement` Measurement gate in a circuit object. ''' states, probabilities = operation.measurement_comp_basis(self.state) if self.mode == "state_vector_simulator": if self.measure_results: i = int(self.measure_results[self.measure_ind]) self.measure_ind += 1 else: probabilities = [p/sum(probabilities) for p in probabilities] i = np.random.choice([0, 1], p=probabilities) self.probability *= probabilities[i] self.state = states[i] if operation.classical_store is not None: self.cbits[operation.classical_store] = i elif self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator": states = list(filter(lambda x: x is not None, states)) probabilities = list(filter(lambda x: x != 0, probabilities)) self.state = sum(p * s for s, p in zip(states, probabilities)) else: raise NotImplementedError( "mode {} is not available.".format(self.mode))